Roles and functions of judges Essay Example for Free

Roles and functions of judges Essay Judges There are two types of judges, superior judges and inferior judges in the UK. The superior judges are entitled to work in the higher courts such as, the court of Appeal, and the House of Lords. Whereas, inferior judges work in the lower courts in the hierarchy such as crown courts and supreme courts. Superior judges are called district judges and inferior judges are called circuit judges. District judges are full-time judges who deal with the majority of cases in the county courts. These judges are appointed by the queen and mainly deal with claims and other matters within the court. However, Circuit judges are appointed to one of seven regions of England and Wales, and sit in the crown and county courts within their particular region. The difference between both judges is that, superior judges are more experienced as compared to the inferior judges, they have a minimum experience of 20 years but inferior judge has less experience so therefore, they have to do some training. Superior judges wear long wigs and extravagant gowns; however, inferior judges also wear the same but a bit shorter. For superior judges their salaries are a lot higher compared to inferior judges. In criminal courts juries look upon the factors and decide if the verdict is guilty or not, whereas the judge looks on the law and decides the sentence. On the other hand, the judges in civil cases decide if the verdict is liable or not beyond reasonable doubt and if the verdict needs to pay injunctions. Barristers Solicitors Barristers are lawyers who argue a clients case where as Solicitors prepare paper work and usually handle civil cases which includes divorces, wills for husband and wife, suing someone and offering no win no fee personal injury claims, they sit and work in the lower courts which are the magistrate’s courts and county courts. Solicitors also have to keep up to date with the law as they change often. Barristers are entitled to where wigs in the court where as a solicitor doesn’t wear a wig, they are subject to wear ordinary suit. Most barristers though will spend their professional lives in the court, hearing cases in the crown court and high court where as a solicitor will spend their time in working in the lower courts which are the magistrates court and county courts. However both solicitors and barristers must complete two clear stages of training, the academic and vocational stages, this shows their similarities. The academic stage is accomplished by obtaining a law degree, and then they have to complete a second stage of vocational training. The bar vocational course is for the period of 1 year and costs more than one or two grand however the solicitors complete a year of the legal practice course. The Bar vocational course is designed by the general council of the bar to provide the students of the bar with practical skills involved in court work. They have to be a member of the inn court and then have to have the 12 dinners and if they fail to maintain the standards set out in their code of conduct, in extreme cases the Committee can exclude a barrister from performing. Before a barrister can actually practice on their own, they must face the hurdle of finding set of chambers to join their 12 months ‘pupillage’ where they work with a well experienced barrister to learn the practices of law and the court, on the other hand, solicitors who are training have to have a university degree which is a course for three years. They can then do a further course called the ‘Learning Practice Course’ that is a course for 1 year. Barristers have a training contract of 2 years which they get paid for which is a minimum  £18000. Some barristers have the opportunity to work within their profession. Senior barristers are given the title of Queens counsel, though in some jurisdiction, it is being replaced by the senior counsel. A few of these will be asked to become judges where as solicitors do not get this opportunity and also barristers may start they profession earning less but however, gradually will increase a lot more than solicitors once the barristers become well known. Barristers are self-employed and on the other hand, solicitors are employed. The relationship of a solicitor with its client is contractual where as a relationship of a barrister with its client is normally through the solicitor but accountants and surveyors can brief barristers directly. Magistrates These are trained, unpaid members of the public within their local community. They work part time (26 days a year). On the other hand, juries are also unpaid people but it is their duty to fulfill the job. Magistrates deal with summary offence such as theft, nuisance and motor offending etc. however juries work in the crown court and they decide the facts about the case they are listening whereas a magistrate will pay attention to the law. Juries sit in a panel of 12 and decide if the verdict is guilty or not whereas magistrates sit in a panel of 3 and decide the law and give an appropriate sentence. The similarities between both are that, they don’t require any legal qualification or training. Both also should be from the age of 18 – 70 and the person who is taking the role of a jury, they must enrolled in the electronic register. The maximum sentence a magistrate can give 6 months imprisonment and  £5000 fine whereas a jury doesn’t have the authority to give the sentence apart from deciding guilty or not guilty.

Employee Benefit Programs in the Information Technology Industry Essay

Individual Case Study Develop a case study that analyzes the competitive position of a business organization in a technologically-oriented industry. This case study should demonstrate an understanding of competitive forces and principles applicable to competitive environments, including Sun Tzu’s â€Å"Art of War† axioms. The case study should be 5-7 pages in length. â€Å"All men can see these tactics whereby I conquer, but what none can see is the strategy out of which victory is evolved. Sun Tzu â€Å"Can you imagine what I would do if I could do all I can?† Sun Tzu I work for Electronic Data Systems (EDS). "EDS is a global business and technology services company headquartered in Plano, Texas." Hewlett-Packard Co. reached a deal with EDS to acquire the company for $13.9 billion . On August 26, 2008, the deal was sealed and EDS was renamed EDS, an HP Company. After the normal paranoid questions were raised (possible layoffs, transfers, loss of pensions, etc.), everyone had questions about HP and Compaq computers. The first questions were, â€Å"What are we going to do with all of the Dell servers and computers? Are we going to get new HP workstations? And how can we get free computers, or at least reduced? These questions got me to research Employee Computer Purchase Plans with several other companies. Siemens AG is Europe's largest engineering conglomerate; it is one of the world’s largest communications, electronics and electrical engineering companies. Siemens' headquarters are located in Berlin and Munich, Germany. Siemens employs over 480,000 people in nearly 190 countries; their revenues were over 72.448 billion Euros in fiscal year 2007. The company has three main business sectors. These... ... It’s perfect. BIBLIOGRAPHY â€Å"Sun Tzu Qotes (2008). Retrieved September 10, 2008 from the BrainyQuote website: http://www.brainyquote.com/quotes/authors/s/sun_tzu.html â€Å"Electronic Data Systems† (2008). Retrieved September 11, 2008 from the Wikipedia website: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_Data_Systems. Margaret E. Dobbin. (2008). â€Å"Open Text: The Content Experts†. Retrieved September 11, 2008, from Open Text Web siste: http://www.opentext.com/news/pr.html?id=123. Paul, Franklin (2008). "HP to buy EDS for $12.6 bln in challenge to IBM", Reuters, pp. 4. Retrieved on September 11, 2008, from the Reuter UK website: http://uk.reuters.com/article/companyNews/idUKN1230539620080514. (2008). â€Å"Fujitsu: The Possibilities are Infinite†. Retrived September 11, 2008, from the Fujitsu website: http://www.fujitsu.com/uk/

Implications of Day Care in Young Children Essay

Within this assignment I will be discussing the implications of day care for young children and giving both the positive and the negative aspects of this. A study was done in the united states by Kagen (1978), the study was done on children whose mothers worked, in which case the children were put into day care centres compared to home –reared children. Kagen found little difference between the children placed in day care centres and those raised at home either in the amount of protest or seeking closeness to their mothers when upset. From the findings it appears that it doesn’t matter if a child is in day-care or raised at home or the amount of hours spent with its mothers, there is a special bond between mother and child. Bee (1974) Concluded that there are no negative effects when a child is cared for in a day care centre, provided these are run by trained professionals and only a small number of children. However, Bee (1997) also suggests â€Å"The crucial issue is the discrepancy between the level of stimulation that the child would receive at home and the quality of day care. When the day care setting for the child provides more enrichment than the child would normally receive at home, we see some beneficial cognitive effects. When day care is less stimulating than the child’s home care would have been, it has negative effects.† Psychologists disagree about the developmental effects of day care on young children. Some agree with Bowlby’s prediction that long to medium term separation from the mother could have far-reaching consequences. Others claim that, provided day care is high quality day care has no adverse effects on intellectual development and does not disrupt the child’s attachments. Some psychologists believe that it might even make a positive contribution to the child’s development. The type and quality of care can influence many aspects of development—including memory, language development, school readiness, math and reading achievement, the nature of relationships with parents and teachers, social skills, work habits, and behavioural adjustments Below I have tried to outline the positive and negative aspects of day care: – Positives * When children attend nursery or playschool it’s clear that peer relationships take on increasing importance but peer relationship importance  is important before this . Early as 6 months old babies smile and are more vocal to other infants. * Intellectual stimulation * Helps develop some social skills- building relationship with peers and other trusted adults other than those within the family. * Psychologists have shown there is no affect on the mother-child attachment * Children receive Adequate and nutritious meals Negatives * Putting a child into day care can cause the child stress ( i.e upset from being away from its mother)as can any situation in which the mother isn’t with the child. * If a day care doesn’t have the correct form of attachment for adults and the children as mentioned above ( conclusion raised by Barbara Tizard) this will not have as greater benefits as a quality day care that has this attachment and familiarity etc. * Some research in the US argue that day care can cause the child to grow up to be aggressive and disruptive once they reach school age (research taken from -NICHD national child care study)

Causes Of The Civil War And Reconstruction - 751 Words

The events that comes to mind when most of people talk about the U.S history are the Civil War and the Reconstruction. The Civil War was the turning point in the U.S history, while the Reconstruction brought order out of chaos of the Civil War. After all these, the U.S grows rapidly and becomes a superpower today. From my perspective, the most important cause of the Civil War is the conflict between the northern capitalism economy and the sourthern plantation economy. And the Reconstruction did spread freedom and brought more oppotunities, but it still remain a varirty of problems. At the beginning of the 19th century, the Industrial Revolution had spread to the North America. In the North, the Industrial Revolution provided new space†¦show more content†¦But it led to the event of John Brown. Until the end, Abraham Lincoln was elected president. With the election of Republican candidate Abraham Lincoln, South Carolina followed by six other states seceded from the union. The Civil War broke out. From the above, the most important cause of the Civil War is the economic conflict between the north and the south with the abolition of slavery. The union won the final victory in the Civil War. The victory of the union strengthened the unification of the country and also laid the status of the capitalism. The subsequent Reconstruction cleared the way to the development of economy. During the Civil War, the president Lincoln promulgated the Emancipation Proclamation(Colling 5/22/17), this document helped the union win the Civil War.By the end of the war, the Thirteenth Amendment(Colling 5/22/17) of the Constitution was implemented. This amendment brought the freedom to the slave and it made Emancipation Proclamation permanent validity. The south returned to the union and started to reestablish. At first glance, the Reconstruction seemed all right and it fulfilled the promise of America. Nevertheless, a multitude of problems were still not addressed. Although t he slave regained freedom again, but they can not integrate into society. In order to deal with this situation, the 14th Amendment and 15th Amendment(Colling 5/22/17) were implementedShow MoreRelatedThe American Civil War1418 Words   |  6 PagesGuns fired, smoke lingering in the air, people dying. The American Civil War had a huge impact on the United States. Two compromises took place before the start of the Civil War. These compromises include the Missouri Compromise and the Compromise of 1850. The Missouri Compromise dealt with the crisis in 1819 over Missouri entering the Union as a slave state. The compromise was â€Å"the first major crisis over slavery, and it shattered a tacit agreement between the two regions that had been in placeRead MoreThe Civil War Was A Grave Cause Of Many Events. Many People1663 Words   |  7 PagesThe civil war was a grave cause of many events. Many people may see the results of the war as a chain reaction to many following eras. 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